Architectural Model Materials, Tools & Resources

Even with the vast amount of visualization styles and methods, it’s still incredibly hard to beat a physical model, and both young and old architects love them! But the right architectural model materials must be used.

From a block model to a full-fledged replica, they remain one the best and most immersive mechanisms of communication and tools for translating the architecture’s design intent. 

With the potential to make a strong and ever-lasting impact upon its audience, they help us perceive the spatial relationship of different spaces and volumes within the context to its surroundings. 

Aside from this they are also incredibly fun (for the most part!) to create, and a chance for architects to experiment and test alternative finishes and surfaces through using the vast amount of alternative modeling materials that are available.

…and so here we’ve created a list and breakdown of the most popular architectural model materials that we like to use, followed by a short list of the core model making items of equipment required to successfully work with them. 

Architectural model materials: What should you be using

Architectural Models can have a wide variety of material options for various different phases, but all share one commonality – they must be relatively solid, stable and should not be reactive to common room environment. So starting with one of the most flexible materials…

Paper Materials

Paper is one of the most common materials used in the model-making industry due to their inexpensiveness. It is easy to cut, bend, and manipulate thus perfect for quick volume study and conceptual models.

Kraft paper

This cardboard color paper works great with abstract site designs and chipboards. It is highly elastic and doesn’t tear easily. The material works great with monochromatic model styles and is highly durable.

Sulphite paper  

Sulphite paper is made from wood pulp, but due to its acidic condition during manufacturing it is not as strong as kraft paper.

The paper itself is acid-free and recyclable, and is readily available at a very low cost and is perfect for block and conceptual volumes. It can be easily worked with scissors and some tape.

Trace

Trace is the perfect material to be used for translucent surfaces such as to glass windows in a building, fabrics, and even modeling rough terrain on a site.

Sandpaper

Sandpaper can be used both as a material and a tool in architectural model making. It is a perfect material to show rough textures like paths and walls, or manicured green roofs. As a tool, it is ideal for smoothing edges and a clean finish.

Card materials

Card come in many different color options and finishes whilst providing a much greater thickness and rigidity than paper, and remaining just as flexible to work with.

As a result and due to its huge variety and availability, this material group is one of the most widely used.

Museum board

Museum board is a premium material and should predominantly be considered for final presentation models. It is extremely easy to work with and provides a consistent color throughout, but be mindful that when working with lighter shades there is a high chance of dirt and fingerprints.

Corrugated cardboard

This is one of the most easily sourced materials and in most cases, you can get it for free. It is excellent for initial study models but can also provide a good model base and/or be used to represent contours. Pro tip – There are options for a finer grain that can provide the effect of corrugated metal sheets.

White card

White card is another material that is widely used due to its availability, cost, and flexibility to adapt to many alternative modelling scenarios. The sheets are smooth and universally plain in color, that when combined create a neutral surface to communicate form and light with.

Wood materials

Wood has been used for a very long time as an architectural modeling material due to its wide variety, durability, and a greater level of detail. There are several types of wood available with good finishes, different weights, and ease of cutting and shaping to make excellent presentation models.

Madeira balsa 

Madeira balsa is a fantastic entry level wood material for beginners to get to grips with before moving onto other soft and hard woods, as its light, easy to cut, and comes in a full range thickness and lengths.

Balsa can easily be manipulated by sandpaper or paint to provide various finishes – wood or white glue can be used to join the surfaces together.

Basswood

Basswood comes with a little more hardness and higher grain than balsa and is highly recommended if you are making an all-wood model. It comes in various shapes, planks, and sticks so you can pick out suitable options but sits at the premium end of the materials.

Chipboard

Mostly popular among students of architecture who consider this material due to its inexpensiveness and versatility. It can be a duplex or triplex board depending upon its layer. The board is very easy to work with and blends easily with other materials thus can be used from simple block model to final presentation model.

Match sticks

Match sticks can be considered to be cheap basswood. If you can find different sizes, they can be a used to make a wide variety of models. They can even be used to create elements in your final model.

Foam Materials

Form it renowned for its low cost, easy availability, and aesthetics, and provides a quick and highly adaptable resource for making early stage volumetric and concept models. It becomes less successful when making final presentation models.

XPS foam

The XPS foam is rigid and is mostly used to give rock and other organic site textures, it can be worked upon even without a lot of skill as most of the model finish is quite basic. The price of the material can vary upon its thickness.

Foam core board 

Popular among students and one of the first materials to be discovered. These boards are white and come in various thicknesses. They are easy to cut and sturdy, which makes them a great material for creating white clean models.

Foam board is relatively lightweight and early transport, but as a result can be easily damaged if care isn’t taken to protect its edges.

Transparent materials

Transparent materials can give a model a very aesthetic appeal. They are mostly used to replicate the glass and look very beautiful with light arrangements such that it enhances the façade of the model. They can be integrated with different materials such as wood or plastic.

Mylar

Mylar is used to duplicated translucent surfaces, it has a higher rigidity than trace which makes it a better option for glass windows but cuts just nicely.

Sheet acetate

Sheet acetate can also be used to create translucent surfaces but then you have to sand the back of the sheet to produce such effects. This is important because glasses are transparent only at night when the light comes from within the building thus giving the model a more realistic look.

Metal Materials

Metal is used to demonstrate the structural design of a building. It can also be integrated as a material into the finished model. Due to it’s malleable and ductile nature, some of the common metals used are aluminium and copper.  

Florist Wire 

Florist wires are great for landscaping in a model be it trees in an urban design model or fenestration to models.

Wire

Wire screen material is used for more organic and skin-like details. They are also used as an external detail or layer over a façade. 

Thin sheet materials 

Thin metal sheets can be used anywhere from the fencing of a model to the exterior façade.

Other materials

Clay – Clay is a great option as an initial model where you can perform an additive and subtractive study of volume. It can also be used as an adhesive element between two materials.

Cork – Cork offers something a little different with its uniform surface and texture, and for this reason it is most popularly used as a surface to represented a sites typography. However it can also be carved into and treated much more like a sculpture, if it is bought in blocks rather than sheets.

Zip ties – Zip ties can be cut or directly used on external models as detail, fencing, and different fenestration details in a model.  

Plaster – Plaster has a unique texture and finish, and can be used for individual model elements as well as complete model castings.

Concrete – As mentioned here, concrete is one of our favorite materials to work with when model making, however its not suited to every project nor is it a quick process. Molds must firstly be made and then time must be allowed for the concrete to dry and set before it can be revealed.

But once finished, the objects you can create can be quite special and carry a lot more gravitas that say a card model …just look at the image below.

Textures can be added to the surface of your models depending on what material and how you choose to create your mold, and you can also pigment the concrete prior to casting in any color of your choosing …creating quite a vast amount of variables.

Tools and resources for architectural models

Here we’ve put together a list of what we consider to be the best and most essential model making tools that are used on a daily basis by every good architect, designer and student.

Tips for creating an effective architectural model:

The creation of an architectural model can be a detailed and intricate process. In this guide, we will explore how to elevate your model to the best of its potential. We will cover aspects like scale, tool selection, construction sequence, aesthetic presentation, and budget-friendly strategies. So, let’s dive in:

01 – Understanding the project

The initial step is to understand the scope and nature of the project you are tasked to model. If your project is largely about form, concentrate on selecting the base material that will best illustrate your design, irrespective of its interior view. On the other hand, some projects, such as residential houses, may necessitate a model that presents both the design of the facades and the interior layout, requiring you to deal with finer details.

For instance, when modeling an apartment, the interior elements are of prime importance. In contrast, urban design models, which encapsulate entire neighborhoods, necessitate a different approach. Here, the level of detail required for the architectural components within the model is significantly less.

02 – Understanding the scale in architectural models

Scale plays a crucial role in the creation of architectural models, as it determines how much detail can be included and the overall size of the model. Generally, architectural models are created within a scale range of 1:10 to 1:200. However, the specific scale chosen depends largely on the project scope and the level of detail required to accurately represent the design.

A 1:10 scale model, for instance, is quite large and allows for considerable detail. It’s often used for individual room layouts or furniture design where detailed information is important. A 1:50 scale is common for house models, where the focus is on internal layout along with some exterior detailing. For larger buildings or structures, scales like 1:100 or 1:200 are often employed, as these scales allow the entire building to be shown but with less detail.

On the other hand, urban models, which include larger areas or even entire neighborhoods, typically use scales from 1:500 to 1:2500. The choice of scale in this case is influenced by the size of the area being represented. A 1:500 scale is used for smaller urban areas, offering a good balance between detail and the size of the model. For large-scale urban planning, a 1:2500 scale is commonly used. This allows for the representation of large areas, but the detail of individual buildings will be quite limited.

In essence, the scale you choose for your architectural model will significantly depend on the project’s specifics – the area to be covered, the level of detail required, and the practicality of the model size.

03 – Choosing the correct tools for cutting and assembling architectural models:

The Cutting Process: The initial stage in model-making is cutting, a crucial step that can significantly influence the quality and aesthetics of your architectural model. Clean, precise cuts contribute to an overall well-presented and comprehensible model, whereas messy edges may detract from the model’s perceived quality. To achieve this precision, consider using the following tools:

• Utility Knives: A stainless steel wheel-locked utility knife with replaceable blades is highly recommended for clean, neat cuts. The option to alter the blade size also facilitates easier and more precise cutting.

• Precision Knives: These are exceedingly sharp, durable, and easy to maintain, making them ideal for intricate details. Precision knives can effortlessly cut through materials like paper, foam, fabric, thin metal, and plastic.

• Scissors: Small titanium scissors can be used for fine details. Opt for scissors with a comfortable grip to avoid discomfort during prolonged use.

• L-Square: A stainless steel L-square can help you draw perpendicular lines accurately and swiftly. For added stability, you can attach masking tape to the back of the L-square to prevent it from sliding on the material you’re cutting.

• Metal Rulers: Depending on the size of your model, having 6″, 12″, and 18″ metal rulers at hand can be beneficial. These tools are ideal for achieving straight cuts.

• Self-healing Cutting Mat: To protect your cutting blades from premature dulling and to prevent damage to your workspace, use a self-healing cutting mat.

• Laser Cutting: If you’re unsure about your cutting abilities or willing to invest more for precision, laser cutting could be an option. Here, you design the components on a program like AutoCAD, and the laser cutter handles the cutting process, ensuring high precision and clean edges.

The Assembly Process: Once your model components are cleanly cut and prepared, it’s time to move on to assembly. Depending on your project’s materials, timeline, and budget, different tools may be more suitable. Here are some you might consider:

• Glue Sticks: This is a low-cost and easy-to-use option, but the adhesive strength isn’t very high. They are most effective with paper and may not produce long-lasting results.

• White Glue: Non-toxic white glue offers a firm and clean adhesive bond, but it requires a longer drying time.

• Tacky Glue: This adhesive is similar to white glue but has a thicker consistency. As a result, it’s stronger than standard white glue and dries more quickly.

• Hot Glue: Drying rapidly and providing a strong bond, hot glue is a robust choice. However, use it with caution as the heated adhesive can cause burns. Also, since it dries quickly and strongly, any mistakes can be hard to rectify. Furthermore, glue guns, the typical dispensers for hot glue, can have a relatively short lifespan and may require frequent replacement.

• Wood Glue: If your model involves wooden components, wood glue is a must. Make sure to wipe away any excess immediately as it can leave stains.

• Double-sided Tape: This adhesive is strong, clean, and adjustable. However, be careful with placement because attempting to remove it after application can damage paper or foam board surfaces.

• Glue Syringe: These tools can be extremely useful for applying adhesives. Fill them with white or tacky glue and use as needed. They can help your architectural model appear neat and stable.

Tip: You can use straight pins to hold pieces together temporarily while the glue sets.

Next, we will delve into the topic of model presentation.

04 – Choosing finishing materials for your architectural model:

This stage might require a touch of your creativity as a wide range of materials can be depicted in diverse ways. However, some commonly used methods to illustrate the final finish of the model include:

• Bitmap Prints: You can print bitmaps of tiles or bricks according to the correct scale and measurements and attach them neatly onto your foam board walls.

• Pre-made Textures: Alternatively, you can purchase a variety of pre-made textures instead of printing them yourself.

• Corrugated Paper: This material can be used to represent roofs and some wall finishes.

• Transparent Plastic Sheets: Also known as clear sheet prints, these can serve as an indicator for glass surfaces.

• Balsa Wood Strips: These can be used to depict wooden screens and other wooden finishes.

• Cork Sheets: The natural brown color of cork sheets can provide a general representation of wooden finishes.

• Paint: For colored surfaces, you can spray paint the paper or foam board.

• Colored Sticker Paper: This is available in craft shops and can be used to add color to your model.

• Colored Foam Boards: If there’s a need for extensive use of a specific color, consider using colored foam boards. These boards have a white core with a colored, smooth surface.

Tip: Avoid over-complicating your model. Think strategically about what you want to convey with your architectural model. Excessive use of different materials, especially texture-less stickers, can make the model appear unrealistic. The focus should be on displaying what’s essential. Now, let’s enhance the model with furniture and some landscaping elements.

05 – Furnishing and landscaping your architectural model:

Furnishing Your Model: While pre-made miniature furniture is available, it can be costly and may not suit your needs if you’re looking to showcase your own design or custom pieces. In such cases, consider crafting your furniture:

• Clay: A cost-effective and easy-to-shape material, clay is an excellent option for creating custom furniture.

• Thin Foam Boards: These can be cut to shape and colored to make furniture pieces. Aim for boards with a small thickness (around 1mm).

• Colored Foam Sheets: Easy to handle and available in various thicknesses, colored foam sheets are another good option for making furniture.

Landscaping Your Model: Landscaping can include elements like flooring, vegetation, water features, and lighting fixtures.

Flooring: • Tile flooring can either be purchased or printed, similar to finishing materials. • Roads can be drawn with white markings, or pre-made strips can be purchased. • Pavement or sidewalk heights can be indicated with a thin layer of foam board, scaled appropriately.

Water Elements: • For water bodies like pools and fountains, use blue paper sheets covered with thin, textured transparent plastic sheets. If the water body is small, you can use clear sheet prints. • Fountains can be modeled using the same materials suggested for furniture.

Vegetation: • You can purchase pre-made grass mats, trees, and tufts, or create your own. • Real moss can be used to represent grass. • Spray grass-green color onto sawdust to make your own moss. • Tree trunks can be fashioned from materials like wire, toothpicks, or straight pins. • The leafy part of the trees can be created with green-colored cotton pads, cork balls, sponges, or foam.

Lighting Elements: • White-headed straight pins can symbolize light sources. • If you want to actually illuminate your model, consider using micro LEDs or tiny glow sticks.

The role of physical architectural models

1. Facilitating Project Presentation: Architectural models aid in visualizing the project between the architect and the client, providing a platform to showcase project ideas, plan them, or offer the public information about proposed or existing real estate.
2. Preventing Construction Problems: By offering a 3D visualization of the project, architectural models allow contractors and inspectors to identify potential construction issues early. This proactive approach in the design phase can save significant time and resources.
3. Assisting in Fundraising: An impeccably constructed model can serve as an effective tool in raising funds for the project. It offers investors a tangible visualization of the concept, allowing them to see exactly how their investment will be utilized.

Different categories of architectural design models

There are typically three distinct types of architectural design models:

1. Conceptual Design Model: This model is typically utilized during the inception of your design concepts and provides a tangible representation of your initial ideas. While most designers start with 2D sketches, a rudimentary 3D model can offer a unique perspective in the design process. Conceptual models are often rapidly assembled using cost-effective materials such as balsa wood or foam.
2. Working Design Model: As your design evolves and takes a more definitive shape, it can be manifested in the form of a working design model. If there are any imperfections or challenges with your preliminary design, constructing a working model can help identify and resolve these, and may even inspire new, creative solutions. These models are typically crafted from more robust materials like wood, concrete, and metal.
3. Presentation Model: This model showcases a higher level of detail than your initial physical model and provides a more accurate reflection of your final design’s materials and scale. Presentation models are used when you’re prepared to showcase your concepts to clients or the public. These models are usually created with premium materials like resin or even using advanced technologies such as 3D printing.